"Neko Ramen" centers around Taisho, a cat who runs a small ramen shop in Tokyo. Formerly a stray, Taisho was taken in by a ramen chef who taught him the craft. After his mentor's passing, Taisho decides to open his own ramen shop, Neko Ramen, despite his lack of culinary expertise and unconventional approach to running a business. The series humorously explores Taisho's daily struggles as he attempts to attract customers, experiment with new recipes, and navigate the challenges of being a cat in a human-dominated industry.

The main human character is Tanaka, a salaryman who becomes a regular at Neko Ramen. Tanaka serves as the audience's perspective, often reacting with a mix of bewilderment and amusement to Taisho's antics. Despite Taisho's eccentricities and the questionable quality of his ramen, Tanaka develops a fondness for the shop and its owner, frequently offering advice and support. Their interactions form the core of the series, blending comedy with moments of genuine camaraderie.

The narrative is episodic, with each chapter focusing on a new challenge or misadventure in Taisho's life. These range from creating bizarre ramen flavors to dealing with rival businesses, participating in food competitions, or even grappling with his past as a stray. The humor often stems from Taisho's overconfidence and his inability to recognize his own shortcomings, juxtaposed with Tanaka's more grounded and pragmatic outlook.

Supporting characters include other shop owners in the neighborhood, Taisho's occasional feline friends, and various customers who stumble into Neko Ramen. These characters add depth to the setting and provide additional comedic and dramatic moments. The series balances lighthearted comedy with occasional reflections on perseverance, friendship, and the pursuit of dreams, all while maintaining a focus on the quirky premise of a cat running a ramen shop.